Week 12

As we discuss in week 2 the skills and knowledge of the good analyst are the same as before a analyst is act as a middle manager and knowledge worker helps his or her boss get their job done well.He and she provide directions valuable resources  and  act as a feedbacker to the  supervisors and team leaders. An good analyst investigates,analyst,design,develop,installs,evaluates and maintain company’s information system. 

Communication skill: Ability to communicate with clients and coworkers is a very important step for a systems analysis to success on the job.

-Work independently: Most of the time, systems analysis need to work at home or outside of office to finish up the projects. Strong independent worker will ensure the completion and quality of the projects.

-Knowledge of technology: Technology changes so quickly that there is almost a major improvement in technology every month. Ability to follow up new technology is also one of the most important skills that a system analysis must have.The skills and knowledge are the same one as before like week 2.I study my course book same according like my gantt chart  and it matches with my study schedule.It helps me lot and  with this i easily read my course book. My opnion  about course is that assignments helps the students more so there should be more assignments in this course because assignments make the work easy and understandable. 

week 11

The most important concept which i learnt in this course are the overall system design .We learnt how to use information technology is use as a combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage,access,communication and share information.the main components of the information system are hardware ,software,data,processes and people .how system development life cycle works with planning ,analysis ,design and implementationvarious system development methodologies and how RAD and JAD works with agile methods,how companies use EDI,common reason for system projects , advantages of system review committee,the tangible and intangible benefits  and different fact finding techniques that system analysts use during th preliminary investigationDifferent system requirements and how traditional methods of fact finding ,how JAD is different from RAD  . The project team works  with  teamspirit. what type of feaseability issues analysis with oraganizations.Information about project management like create gantt chart,PERT chart,what requirement determination are used for analysis phase.how to make  context diagram and 0 diagram, the symbols which are used in DFD’s,how to balance DFD’s data flow diagrams,context level diagram and ERD diagram,how to develop entities and make attributes ,different types of relationships,cardinality  and how to build relationship diagrams and to convert tables into different normal forms .most common reason for choosing  company the in house  approach,information about request of perposal and request of quotation.swe learnt different design strategies and moving from physical to logical models.Architecture design includes architectural components,server based architectures  and client based architectures and client server architectures and client server tiers,what are the requirements for creating an architecture designlike operational,performance,security and cultural and political requirements.Different specification of software and hardware and what concept do we use  for applying at CD selection. How ERP can extend to suppliers and customer in a process  in supply chain management,discssion about  middle ware as a software that connects dissimilar application and enables them to communicate and exchange data.The impact of the internet on system architecture,how online  processing  and batch processing performed.Difference between various topologies and hoe they work on their platforms and where  does system implementation  fit in the SDLC,what design are used for implementation,got information about structure charts,symbols and cohesion and coupling.how unit testing ,integration testing and system testing is performed in system analysis and  design.What type of documentation does the analyst prepare  and which system change over methods are used .We got knowlegde  about system operation ,support and security,classification of maintenance about release methodology and the advantages of release methodology in system operation, the purpose of capacity planning and steps in requesting maintanance. different levels of security  and different types of obsolescence that approach the information system.  i have some problems in cardinality  and relationship,they are little bit  difficult and i will try again and again to understand the concept of many to many  and many to one ,one to one  because  these are the main in the ERD diagram.

week10

agile software methodologies  known as lightweight methodologies used increasingly in project and are being accepted increasingly by software developers. these methodologies have raised considerable debate between the big design upfront followers and the agile followers’this is like organisational, managerial or regularity needs: Agile methodologies highly adaptable and able to comply with standareds when required. there are almost no guidelines for incorporating into agile methodologies,process that ensure their compliance with  spcified standards. the most extreme programming is the best known and most widely useed agile mothodology.most agile methods attempt to minimize risk by developing software in short timeboxes called itertations,each iteration is like a miniature software project of its own and include all of the tasks necessary to release the mini increment ofnew functionalityLplanning.requirements analysis.design.coding,testing and documentation in iteration process no addition of enough functionality to warrent releasing the product , an agile software project intend to be capable of releasing new software  at the end of every iteration.At the end of each itration the team reevautes project priorities.Agile methods stress realtime communication preferably face to face over written document.Agile methods emphasize working software as the primary measure of  progress..

The principle behind the agile software are: customer satisfaction by rapid,continuous delivery of useful software, working software is delivered frequently, working software is the principal measure of progess, late changes in requirements are welcomed, close daily,co operation between business people and developers; face to face conversation is the best form of communication,projects are built around motivated indiduals, who should be trusted,continuous teams, self organizing teams,regular adapation to changing circumstances. Agile methods are sometimes characterised as being at the opposites end of the spectrum from “plan driven” or “disciplined” methodologies.This distinction is misleading,as it implies that agile methods are “unplanned” or ” undisciplined.More accurate distinction is to say that methods exist on a continuum form”adaptive” side of this continuum.

Agile methods differ in their practices,they share a  number of common characteristics, including iterative development,and and a focus on interaction, communication,and the reduction of resource inttesive intermediate artifacts(Cohen et.al.,2004). Agile methods are more suitable when requirements are emergent and rapidly changing they are less suitable for systems that have high critically, reliabily and safely requirement. FRom an oraganisational: culture,people and  communication.Agile development sometimes criticized as coeboy coding.Extreme programming intials buzz and controversial tents, like  pair programming and continuous design, have attracted particular criticisum, such as McBreen and Bohem and turner.Agile methods are sometimes  characterised as being at the opposite end of the spectrum form”plan driven” or ” discpline ” methodologies.This distinction is misleading, as it implies that agile methods are unplanned ior undisplined.A more accurate distinction is to say that methods exist on a continuum from “adaptive” to “predictive”.Agile support the adaptive side this focus on adaptive qucikly to changing realities.These methods supports the present time only. An adaptive team can report exactly what tasks are being done next week, but only which feature are planned for next monthsPredictive methods in contrast focus on planing the future in details, the team can report exactly what features and tasks are planned for the entire length of the development process.This  plan is typically optimized for the original destination and changing direction can cause completed work to be thrown away and done over differently.Predictive teams will often institute a change control board to ensure that only the most valuable changes are considered

Contrast with iterative development

Most agile methods shares iterative developments emphsis on building releasable software in short time periods.These methods differ from iterative methods in that their time period is measured in weeks rather than months and works in performed in a highly collaborative manner.Most agile methods also differ by treating their time period as a strict timebox.

With waterfall model

Agile development is less in common with the waterfall model . This method is the most perdective of the methodologies stepping through requirements capture ,analysis, design,coding and testing in a strict,pre-planned sequence.Progress is generally measured in terns of deliverables artifacts requirements specifications,design documents,test plans,code reviews and the like.This model can result in substantial intergration and testing effort towards the end of the cycle a time periods typically extending from several months to several years.the size and difficulty of this integration and testing efforts towards the end of the cycle  it makes the waterfall project failure .Its a very small subset of the whole.some agile teams use the waterfall model on small scale, repeating the entire waterfall cycle in every iteration.

With “cowboy coding”

Its the absence of a defined method,team members to a defined method:team members do whatever they feel  is right,it frequently reevaluaton of plans stress on face to face communication and relatively sparse use of documents sometimes causes people to distinsuishing agile approaches from cowboy coding.As with all methodologies, the skill and experievce of the user define the degree of sucess or abuse of such activity .Thew more rigid controls or checks and balances systematically embedded within a process offer stronger levels of accountability of the user.It is the degradation of well intended procedurecs that leads to activities often defined as cowboy coding

Conclusion

It has been arged above that agile methodologies can indeed be adapted to ensure compliance with a standard such as ISO 12207:1995.It should be taken to ensure that the development oraganisation abides by the agile manifesto principles of ” working software over comprehensive documentation” .The agile principle of stressing the development really is all about the production of software.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agile-software-development

week8

Agile software methodologies are the family of the development processes  as a multiple  software development software enginering and lightweight methodoligy used for projects by the  software developers for debate within big design upfront followers and the agile followers.ASgile methods are used to attempts minimixe  risk by developing software in short timeboxes called iterations(repeatation of something),these iterations are miniature software itself ,it works lessly on SDLC lifecycle and capable  of releasing new software at the end  of each iteration.Agile methodsa stress on actual communication like  face to face over written document. the team of these are located on bullpen and its functions are tesers,iteration,designs,technical  managements. Agile methods are plan driven or disciplined methodoliges adaptive and predictive.The adaptive side of continuum cvhange the project as well in a short time.Predictivere the plan for future details .This team dpes not able to change to change direction,their plans are on original destination and changing directions can cause completed work to be thrown away and differently,the most valuable changes are considered by change control board .With iteration development the period is measured in months rather than weeks and worksw performed in a collabrative matter,mostly Agile treating their time period as a strict time box.Agile methods are not like  waterfall model,it takes much time  of its functionn. Sometimes the result is failure of project.Otherwise the Agile methods are a small set of the whole  and obtaining a crude but execute system early and continually improving it.With “cowboy coding” the methods are not defined they do whatever they feel and focused on face to face communication and relatively sparse use of documents ,sometimrs causes people to confuse it with cowboy coding but Agile teams,do follow defined processes.period .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agile-software-development

Agile software development: the business of innovation

Agile software development approach such as Extreme programming,Crystal methods,Lean development,Scrum,Adaptive software development and other view change from a perspective that mirrors today’s turbulent business and technology envoirnment.The goal of the software is to satisfy the coustmerss.it eliminate work and to reduce its cost.Agile methods are quick and easy methods ,time consuming,reduce cost and extreme programming,it find out simple solution.better design and less expensive testing.It combines creative teamwork with an intense focus on effectiveness and maneuverablility.Agile focuses on two concepts the unforgiving honesty of working code and the effectiveness of people working together with goodwill,it gives us quick result and quick feedback.Agile methods offer generative rules a minimum set of things must do under all situtations to genrate appropriate practices for special situtation.Agile approaches combine these short iterative cycles with features planning and dynamic prioritization,means end of iteration,the coustomer can reprioritize the features desired in the next cycle,originally on planned features and adding new ones.Agile software development addresses two pressures that characterize today’s business and technology world:the need for dynamic innovative approaches.

http://ieeexplore,ieee.org.ezproxy.cqu.edu.au/xpls/absall.jsp?isnumber=20507&arnumber=947100&count=19&index=17

Article2

Growing systems in emergent organizations

Oraganisations as a emergent means every features of social organisation-culture meaning,social relationship, decision processes and so on are continually emergent,following no predefined patteren.Oraganizational emergence refers to a theory of social oraganisational that doesn’t assume that stable structures underpoint oraganation,it include low  maintance and long life spans.The three levels of encourgement are known as stimulate emergent oraganisation.These are shared reality contruction,this belief goes beyond individual or group delusion and involves the contruction of reality by a society.Emergent oraganisation capitalize on this phenomenon by encourging reality reconstruction.Self reference and oraganizational idenity- Oraganisation uses its own identity as the primary point of reference when it reconstruct itself,it depends on next version;the dialectics of oraganisation emerge, its a relationship between members of the oraganisation.The dialectics is a process center politics,conflict and struggle between social forces in the oraganisation.

http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.cqu.edu.au/pqdweb?index=1&did=43498085&srchMode=1&sid=3&fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&Vname=PQD&TS=1157618897&clientId=2086

Article3   

week7

The important concepts of this week

This chapter is providing us knowledge about Data Degine, how to degine the database.In this system analysis phase, we are able to create data flow diagrams and identified data elements,data floes,and data stores to build a logical degine for the information system,there is physical design for planning for data organization,storage and retrieval.It is based on data design concepts and terminology  about file base systems,database systems including web based database,how to create entity relationship diagram,what symbols we have to use for the diagrams,how many types are of entities are there.Entity in ERD diagram is not the external entity in DFD.They are opposite of each other.Entity is something about which the business want to store data,there are three types of entities strong entity,weak entity and associative entity.Attributes are  the properties of entity,four types of attributes are useable single or primitive attribute, group attributes or compound/complex,single value attribute and multi valued attribute.  .Carditality is a process to show relation betwwen two entities. There are three types of relationships:- one to one relationship,a one to many relationship, a many to many relationship and how to use cardinality notation.The common method of cardinality notation is called crow’s foot notation because of the shapes,which include circles,bars and symbols indicate various possibilities.A single bar indicates one,a double bar indicates one and only one,acircle indicates zero,and a crow’s foot indicates many.While using data design terminology we usetables,field.recordsand during this various key fields are use to organize,access and maintain data structures. The four types of keys are use:-Primary Keys,Secondary Keys,Candidate Keys,Forgine Keys.Sometimes the Primary Key must be the combination of two fields, in that  case the primary key is called as combination key, this combination key is also known as composite key,a concatenated key or a multi valued key.There is Referenttial Integrity for validity check,its a set of rules that avoids data inconsistency and quality problems but in relational database referntial integrity means that  a forgine key value cannot be entered in  one table unless it matches an existing primary key in another table.The concept of normalization that change change the complex data to a tabular form.Three normal form are there.Using codes during data design like sequence codes,Block sequence codesand Alphabetic codes.Two types of database modelling is discuss in this phase:- Relational databases and Object oriented databases,various types of data storages and access are used like data warehouse, is an integrated collection of data tyhat can include unrelated information,no matter where can be stored in the company because it can link various information system and databases.Data mining is using for retriving data, its a software looks for meaningful patterns and relationships among data.There are two types of storage logical and physical.A logical record is a set of fields values that describes a single person, place,thing or event, and physical storage involves a physical records, or block which is the smallest data unit that can be handled by the operating system.The system reads or writes one physical records at a time.The data storage formats are EBCDIC(Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)is a data storage method used on most mainframe computers, and ASCII(Amercian Standard Code for Information Intrchange)which is used on most minicomputer and personal computer.EBCDIC and ASCII require one byte of storage for each character,numeric digit,or symbol.ODE is a relatively recent coding method that represents characters as integers.Unicode is uses 16 bits per character, which allows it to represnt more than 65,000 unique characters.Binary storage format offers more efficient storage of numeric data,compared to character based format,which requires one byte per alphanumeric character. THese copncepts are very useful for successful and future growing business Some  problems are there with cardinality in understanding with minimum and maximum cardinality.

meeting between associates and me

first the associates would learn to know about my prototype andwhat are my plans about there business.i have to know first that will they agree for the meeting because there should be mutual understanding betweenthem and us, they people confirm from me are the plan will be beneficial to themwith information system.An information system combines informqtion technology,people and data to support business requirements.(For ex  information  system handle daily business transactions,improve company produtivity,and help managers make sound decision.) i learn if they want to adopt these changes,suggsetions,opinions etc. Yes the proposed system present a strong business case  because a strong case improve business performance through collaboration and strong foundation.  prelimininary investigation is to identify the nature and scope  of the business opportunity or problem.i need  a good knowledge and experienced  consult who  is able to give us good techniques. for   we use athe system development life cycle for fact finding , we have to plan the system,analysis the system ,design the system then implement it andoperate,support and security.

week 6

The site of enrollment give me up to date  information of  my enrollment.it make me facilitate to get knowledge about enrolment( outputs:  my ID nu mber, my course ,time table,lecture/labs,smester,enrollment advice) ,acadamic summary that include my assesment tracking show me view about  enrolled coursesmen,report request view, about mbermy coursesand grade history( like print output  of my grade and course resultOne can able to change their address, contact number,password and personal details  

week 3 gantt chart

week4

Data and process modelling

A model is a graphical representation.data is a raw material that we enter thesystem through to the logical rules(processes)that applied to transform data into meaningful information.Modelling are of two types:

logical and physical modelling

logical model shows what the system do and physical model shows how the system will constructed.A data flow digram uses various symbols to show how the symbol transforms input data into useful information.DFD show how data moves through an information but doesn’t show logic or processing step of programme.DFD provide a logical model that shows what the system does,not how it does it.DFD symbols are process,data flow,data store,entities.These concepts are important becaues without these some difficulties occurs.Errors like spontaneous/miracle,black hole,gray hole are there. spontaneous genrations it has an output but no input is there ,in Black hole it has inputs and outputs but no outputs ,these errors are visual errors but in Gray hole the inputs are not sufficient for process, this is a logical error.

Week 2 question

An analyst is act as a middle manager and knowledge worker,helps his or her boss get their job done well.He provide directions,valuable resources and act as a feedbacker to the supervisors and team leaders.

Skills  and knowledge of a good analyst:

An good analyst investigates,analyes,design,develop.installs,evaluates and maintain a company’s information system.He has to interact with users and manager within the and outside the company,being an analyst he should able to understand the needs of the company and how information system give support to department’s mission. He need technical knowledge,good communication skills, strong analytical ability,good interpersonal skills to interact with people.He should be geninely excited and enthusiastic for pushing technical limits and always keen to find out new solution.

An information technology is a combination of hardware and software products and in more than ever business depend on it. An IBM report shows that almost 30% of economy  growth during 2003 is a result of IT sector.

As a student of this course i hopeit will give me vast knowledge which an analyst required in this sector.Yet i don’t have any experience in information sector but i used information  system like most other people.